Oт Византии дo Кордовского Халифата и Османскoй империи - Нурлан Аманович Наматов

the use of both terms together see, for example, ASVe, Bailo, b. 254, reg. 348, cc. 81–82, second ten days of safer 1132 (24 December 1719–2 January 1720); as for the use of sınır for the sea borders, cf. b. 253, reg. 346, non-numbered cc., first ten days of rebiyülevvel 1121 (11–20 May 1709) and b. 254, reg. 349, cc. 80–82, first cemaziyülevvel 1133 (28 February 1721). Two facsimiles of sınırname beratı are published in Calligraphies ottomanes, nos. 61, 64, pp. 166, 170–171. Cf. also Kovačevic, Hududnama, 365–436 and his monograph Granice.

900

Heywood, The Frontier, 233–235; Tryjarski, Kultura, 157–159, where the author’s passages concerning the Uygur border kumi talās, which is probably the name of the town situated on the frontier, and the town of Qazvin, which Turks believe to be situated within their borders because it was founded by Afrāsijāb’s daughter, are mentioned (my acknowledgements go to Elzbieta Swiecicka for the reference); Imber, The Legend, 73–74.

901

Fodor, In Quest of the Golden Apple, 278–279, where also the ambiguity of the Ottoman vocabulary as for the use of the words gönüllü (voluntary, brave), garib yiğit (strange, curious, foreign, homeless, poor), gönüllü garib yiğit and simply yiğit (young, hero, brave) and the groups of soldiers to whom these words were referred can be noticed.

902

Power, Introduction, 6–9.

903

Pálffy, The Origins, 3–5, 60–63; Lazanin-Štefanec, Habsburg Military Conscription, 91–94. According to Dieter Werkmüller (Recinzioni, 650), the German word grenze, like the Russian graníza, comes from the word used in old Slavic to mean the oak; likewise, in the Middle Ages, the word marka was used to mean a wood; other (see Zanini, Significati del confine, 10) afifrm that it originates from the habit of marking out the border with a cross – the Slavic gran’ —, carving it on the trees. On the Croatian and Serbian words kotar, meda, krajina, cf. Roksandić, Stojan Jankovic, 240–241; Roksandić, Ottomans, 415–425.

904

Murphey, Ottoman Warfare, xviii; Ágoston, The Ottoman-Habsburg Frontier, 287–296.

905

Carassi, Topografi e diplomatici, 192–194.

906

Le Goff, Il meraviglioso e il quotidiano, 27–44; Gast, Un espace, 165–172.

907

Touati, Islam et voyage, 9–18, 96–121, 237–249.

908

Heywood, The Frontier, 228; cf. Wittek and the Austrian Tradition, 7–25; Boundless Dreams, 32–50.

909

Cf. Mehmet Fuat Köprülü’s many works, for example Alcune informazioni, passim (Italian translation)

910

Cf. Gibbon’s 1916 work, The Foundation of the Ottoman State.

911

Wittek, The Rise of the Ottoman Empire; Deux chapitres de l’histoire de Turcs de Roum, passim.

912

About Giese, see what Heywood states in Boundless Dreams, 46–48.

913

Káldy-Nagy, The Holy War, 467–473; Lindner, Nomads and Ottomans; Imber, Paul Wittek, 65–81; The Ottoman Dynastic Myth, 7–27; The Legend, 67–75. See Jennings, Some Thoughts, 151–161; Gallotta, Mito Oguzo, 41–59; Kafadar, Between Two Worlds, 1–59.

914

Cf. Linda T. Darling, Contested Territory, 133–163.

915

İnalcık, Imtiyāzāt, 1208–1219; Wansbrough, Imtiyāzāt, 1207–1208; Pedani, La dimora, 32–35.

916

Papp, Der ungarisch-türkische Friedensvertrag, 67–68; Papp, Christian Vassals, 719–730.

917

Skilliter, William Harborne, 1; Pedani, In nome del Gran Signore, 131–133; Kolodziejczyk, Ottoman-Polish Diplomatic Relations, 47–49. See also Matuz, Capitulations, 182–192, who employs two documents in support of his thesis: the first makes reference to the Venetian capitulations and not to the French ones; the second follows the capitulations of 1569 as may be clearly read in the published facsimile text. A document of 1541, where a confirmation of the friendly settlement with the king of France is mentioned, is more intriguing on this point (Documenti turchi, no. 455; edited by Gökbilgin, Venedik, vol. 1, 153, no. 26).

918

Cf. Woodhead, Ta’rīkh, 313; Taeschner, ‘Ashıḳ-pasha-zāde, 699; Ménage, Ottoman Historiography, 168–179; Inalcık, ̇ Ottoman Historiography, 152–167. For a historiographical survey carried out in this way, see Yerasimos, La fondation de Constantinople, 1–4, 247–249, which is essentially based on the Turkish legends created after the conquest of the town in 1453 for ideological reasons.

919

Ofifcial English translation made by Bracewell (see Frontier Blood-Brotherhood, 29–30).

920

Bracewell, Frontier Blood-Brotherhood, 29–45; see also Inalcık, ̇ Foundation, 59–62.

921

Miović-Perić, Brigandage on the Ragusan Frontier, 41–54.

922

Ibn Khaldun, Muqaddima, vol. 2, 41–42.

923

Pirenne, Mohammed and Charlemagne, 152–153.

924

Pirenne, Maometto e Carlomagno, v – xxxiv.

925

See, among the recent ones, these volumes: Bonafifni, Un mare di paura; Bono, Il Mediterraneo; Khalilieh, Islamic Maritime Law; Picard, La mer et les musulmans; Picard, L’océan Atlantique; de Planhol, L’Islam et la mer. As for the Indian Ocean, see also Özbaran, The Ottoman Response.

926

de Planhol, L’Islam et la mer, 25.

927

Kelly, Ḳurṣān, 511.

928

Braudel, Civiltà e imperi, 919–920.

929

Можно заметить, что при Омейядах было несколько столкновений, когда использовался флот: например, в 716 г. Маслама, дядя халифа, использовал и флот, и армию при осаде Византии, но был отброшен Львом III Исавром и «греческим огнем». После этого столкновения закончился первый средиземноморский конфликт между мусульманами и византийцами. Однако с империей Аббасидов халифы отвернулись от моря, и морская экспансия была продолжена меньшими и более органичными